托福閱讀：一文帶你巧用對(duì)比邏輯解題

托福閱讀的背景內(nèi)容涉及人文歷史、生命科學(xué)和天文地質(zhì)等等，各個(gè)學(xué)科的專有詞匯讓同學(xué)們背得頭疼。有上知天文下知地理的學(xué)霸直接靠自己的背景知識(shí)就能做對(duì)題目，但是托福閱讀出題的本意并不是想考查學(xué)生學(xué)科知識(shí)的豐富程度，而是靠基礎(chǔ)詞匯（高四六托福核心）和邏輯來讀懂文章想要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。其中，與邏輯（包括因果、比較、條件、轉(zhuǎn)折讓步等）相關(guān)的句子往往是文章的重點(diǎn)，而且比較好拿分，各個(gè)水平階段的學(xué)生都應(yīng)該掌握。

  結(jié)合多位同學(xué)的錯(cuò)題情況，本文分析下應(yīng)如何結(jié)合比較邏輯來解題：

 首先，注意原文/題目/選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的比較邏輯詞：

 表“相同”

1.same、similar、equal、alike、identical（可靠“identical twins同卵雙胞胎”來背誦這個(gè)單詞）

2.as ... as、just as

3.前綴homo-

 表“不同”

1.比較級(jí)-er...than、最高級(jí)the most/-est

2.rather than(而不是)

3.whereas、while、although/but、unlike、not as … as

 其次，定位好后將原句與選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行同義轉(zhuǎn)換

表“相同”的情況：

TPO 48 R2 Determining Dinosaur Diet

Animals such as house cats and dogs have large, stabbing canine teeth at the front of the mouth and smaller, equally sharp teeth farther back in their jaws. Many of these animals are also armed with sharp claws. The advantage of teeth and claws as predatory tools is obvious. Now consider animals like cows, horses, rabbits, and mice. These animals have flat teeth at the back of the jaw that are analogous to and have the same function as grindstones. Unlike the meat-slicing and stabbing teeth of carnivores, the teeth of these animals grind and shred plant material before digestion.

2.According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of the teeth of carnivores?

A. Carnivores’ teeth for grinding and shredding are located in the front of their jaws

B. Carnivore teeth are designed to break down food thoroughly before digestion

C. Carnivores have teeth at the back of their jaws that are as sharp as their front teeth

D. Carnivores have both sharp teeth for slicing meat and flat teeth for grinding meat

 分析：原文說某些動(dòng)物嘴里前面大的牙齒和后面小的牙齒一樣鋒利（equally sharp），同義替換C選項(xiàng)“…back … as sharp as …front…”。

 TPO 41 R3 Trade And Early State Formation

In the 1970s, a number of archaeologists gave trade a primary role in the rise of ancient states. British archaeologist Colin Renfrew attributed the dramatic flowering of the Minoan civilization on Crete and through the Aegean to intensified trading contacts and to the impact of olive and vine cultivation on local communities. As agricultural economies became more diversified and local food supplies could be purchased both locally and over longer distances, a far-reaching economic interdependence resulted. Eventually, this led to redistribution systems for luxuries and basic commodities, systems that were organized and controlled by Minoan rulers from their palaces. As time went on, the self-sufficiency of communities was replaced by mutual dependence. Interest in long­-distance trade brought about some cultural homogeneity from trade and gift exchange, and perhaps even led to piracy. Thus, intensified trade and interaction, and the flowering of specialist crafts, in a complex process of positive feedback, led to much more complex societies based on palaces, which were the economic hubs of a new Minoan civilization.

5.According to paragraph 2, Renfrew believed that one effect of long-distance trade in the Aegean was

A.     a greater effort to control piracy

B.     greater cultural similarity throughout the region

C.     a decline in local olive production

D.    a decline in the use of luxuries for gift exchanges

分析：用“effect of long-distance trade”定位到原句后，“cultural homo-”同義轉(zhuǎn)換成選項(xiàng)B里的“cultural similarity”（都表“文化相同“）。

表“不同”的情況：

TPO 44 R3 Seagrasses

Seagrass beds under the influence of strong currents tend to have many of the lighter particles, including seagrass debris, moved out, whereas beds in weak current areas accumulate lighter detrital material.

Question:  Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information

 A.Light particles and debris collect in some seagrass beds, but are washed out of those affected by strong currents.

B.Seagrass beds under the influence of strong currents tend to accumulate many of the lighter particles from other beds.

C.The strength of the currents determines how quickly accumulated seagrass debris is moved out of the beds.

D.Seagrass debris and other light particles are often moved from areas of strong currents to areas of weak currents.

分析：對(duì)于部分詞匯不夠完善的同學(xué)來說，這個(gè)原句有一定難度；但原句出現(xiàn)whereas，同學(xué)們要理解成拿“strong currents”和“weak currents”進(jìn)行比較。只有選項(xiàng)A用“雖然。。。但是。。。”來表達(dá)出比較的意思，所以即使在原句沒有完全讀懂的基礎(chǔ)上，也應(yīng)該選A。

 長(zhǎng)難句：Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants.

分析：這個(gè)句子難點(diǎn)在于和植物相關(guān)的專業(yè)詞匯非常多，逐字逐句翻譯非常困難而且浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。此句出現(xiàn)while，而且后接“在更高的地方（higher up），物種的數(shù)量和多樣性會(huì)下降”，所以應(yīng)該根據(jù)對(duì)比邏輯合理猜測(cè)：在海拔低的地方，植物的多樣性和數(shù)量都會(huì)上升。特別是在題目沒有對(duì)此句進(jìn)行提問的情況下，靠邏輯讀句更能加快讀句速度。